内燃机光学诊断试验平台和测试方法综述

何旭; 伍岳; 马骁; 李雁飞; 齐运亮; 刘泽昌; 徐一凡; 周扬; 李熊伟; 刘聪; 冯海涛; 刘福水

doi:10.11729/syltlx20200003

内燃机光学诊断试验平台和测试方法综述

doi: 10.11729/syltlx20200003

何旭^{1, 2,},
伍岳^{1, 2},
马骁^3, ,,
李雁飞³,
齐运亮³,
刘泽昌¹,
徐一凡¹,
周扬¹,
李熊伟¹,
刘聪¹,
冯海涛¹,
刘福水^{1, 2, ,}

1.
北京理工大学机械与车辆学院, 北京 100081
2.
北京电动车辆协同创新中心, 北京 100081
3.
清华大学汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室, 北京 100084

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金 51976012

国家自然科学基金 51906017

国家自然科学基金 51976100

国家自然科学基金 21961122007

详细信息

作者简介:
何旭(1976-), 男, 黑龙江哈尔滨人, 博士, 副研究员。研究方向:燃烧过程光学诊断、清洁代用燃料与排放、新型智能动力。通信地址:北京市海淀区中关村南大街5号北京理工大学机械与车辆学院发动机研究所209。E-mail:hhexxu@bit.edu.cn

通讯作者:
马骁, E-mail: max@tsinghua.edu.cn

刘福水E-mail: fushui_liu@bit.edu.cn

中图分类号: TK421
计量
- 文章访问数: 830
- HTML全文浏览量: 359
- PDF下载量: 115
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-12-17
- 修回日期: 2020-04-28
- 刊出日期: 2020-06-25

A review of optical diagnostic platforms and techniques applied in internal combustion engines

HE Xu^{1, 2
,},
WU Yue^{1, 2},
MA Xiao^{3
, ,},
LI Yanfei³,
QI Yunliang³,
LIU Zechang¹,
XU Yifan¹,
ZHOU Yang¹,
LI Xiongwei¹,
LIU Cong¹,
FENG Haitao¹,
LIU Fushui^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
2.
Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

摘要

摘要: 活塞式内燃发动机是现代工业中应用最为广泛的动力机械装置。由于其内部燃料喷射、蒸发、燃烧等复杂的工作过程会对发动机的结构可靠性、能量利用效率和污染物生成产生极大影响，研究内部过程的物理机理并确定控制策略对于发动机的设计和改进具有重要的科学意义和实用价值。近年来，为更加深入理解发动机内部工作过程，研究人员广泛采用光学诊断试验技术来测量发动机缸内流动和燃烧特性。本文首先介绍了各类用于模拟发动机工作过程的试验台架（如定容燃烧弹、快速压缩机、光学发动机等）。在此基础上，分析了各类光学诊断技术的基本原理及其在发动机研究中的应用。光学诊断技术分为两类进行讨论，分别是基于传统光学的传统诊断技术（如纹影法、双色法等）和基于激光的先进诊断技术（如粒子图像测速法、激光诱导荧光法等）。光学诊断技术可在多尺度下测量缸内温度、物质浓度、液滴粒径等参数，为准确评估发动机喷油、蒸发、燃烧过程提供试验依据。更重要的是，光学诊断技术为更加深入理解高温高压环境下流动、燃烧的物理/化学机理提供了可能性，为开发高功率、高能效、低排放的先进发动机提供可靠的试验手段，同时为研究人员未来开展基础试验研究、更加深入地理解发动机工作过程提供指导。
- 内燃机 /
- 光学诊断 /
- 可视化 /
- 喷雾 /
- 燃烧 /
- 定容燃烧弹 /
- 快速压缩机 /
- 光学发动机 /
- 纹影法 /
- 双色法 /
- 消光法 /
- 折射率匹配法 /
- 粒子图像测速 /
- 激光诱导荧光 /
- 激光诱导炽光 /
- 相位多普勒
Abstract: The Internal Combustion engine (IC engine) is one of the most widely applied power machines in modern industry. Investigating the mechanisms of and developing control strategies for IC engines are of practical importance and give rise to interesting scientific issues, as the fuel penetration, evaporation and ignition inside the engine can tremendously affect the structure reliability, power efficiency and pollutant generation. In recent years, lots of efforts have been performed to achieve deeper understanding of the working processes of IC engines by applying experimental optical diagnostic techniques in engine-like laboratory platforms. This review starts with introducing the engine-like platforms (e.g. Constant Volume Combustion Bomb(CVCB), Rapid Compression Machine(RCM), optical engine, etc.) developed to experimentally simulate the practical working processes of practical IC engines. Moreover, multiple advanced optical diagnostic techniques are discussed, including their basic principles and particular applications for the study of detailed processes in IC engines. Specifically, two categories of optical diagnostic techniques are respectively discussed, including the traditional diagnostic techniques based on conventional optics (e.g. schlieren, Two Color Method, etc), and the laser-based diagnostic techniques (e.g. Particle Image Velocimetry, Laser Induced Fluorescence, etc). These techniques offer advantages to examine the spraying, evaporation and combustion processes of the IC engines by measuring the temperature, concentrations, droplet sizes and other valuable characteristics with multi-scale resolution. Furthermore, the diagnostic techniques enable deeper insights into the nature of the flow/combustion under high ambient pressure and temperature, which benefits us from understanding the physical and chemical mechanisms of engine processes in both macro and micro scales. This brief review is intended to be beneficial for both researchers and engineers to analyze the current shortcomings and limitations of the IC engines, and to design the state-of-the-art IC engines with better power performance, energy efficiency and pollutant reduction. Besides, the review paper is also intended to provide a guideline for researchers to conduct further fundamental experiments in IC engines to investigate the flow and combustion mechanisms.
- Internal Combustion engine (IC engine) /
- optical diagnostics /
- visualization /
- spray /
- combustion /
- Constant Volume Combustion Bomb (CVCB) /
- Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) /
- optical engine /
- schlieren /
- Two Color Method /
- Light Extinction Method (LEM) /
- Refractive Index Matching /
- Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) /
- Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) /
- Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) /
- Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA)

HTML全文

图 1 球形点燃式定容燃烧弹系统示意图^[3]

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of spherical ignition constant volume combustion bomb^[3]

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图 2 不同掺氢比、当量比对TRF-氢气混合燃料火焰发展的影响^[4]

Figure 2. The flame images of TRF-H₂ mixtures at different hydrogen addition ratios and equivalence ratios^[4]

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图 3 湍流定容燃烧弹系统示意图^[18]

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of turbulent constant volume combustion bomb^[18]

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图 4 CO/H₂/空气混合物的层流和湍流火焰^[19]

Figure 4. Premixed and turbulent flame images of CO/H₂/air mixture^[19]

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图 5 高压双腔定容燃烧弹结构示意图^[21]

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of high-pressure and double chamber constant volume combustion bomb^[21]

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图 6 初始压力2 MPa下正丁醇-空气燃烧火焰传播过程^[24]

Figure 6. The flame propagation images of butanol-air mixture at initial pressure of 2 MPa^[24]

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图 7 预燃加热式定容燃烧弹结构示意图和实物图^[25-26]

Figure 7. Schematic and real products of the pre-ignition heating constant volume combustion bomb^[25-26]

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图 8 预燃加热式定容燃烧弹压力曲线^[25]

Figure 8. Pressure of pre-ignition heating constant volume combustion bomb^[25]

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图 9 内部加热式定容燃烧弹结构示意图

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of internally heated constant volume combustion bomb

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图 10 喷油器适配器结构示意图

Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the injector and adapter

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图 11 不同生物柴油混合燃料着火特性^[40]

Figure 11. Ignition characteristics of different biodiesel blended fuels^[40]

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图 12 流动加热式定容燃烧弹结构示意图^[47]

Figure 12. Schematic diagram of the flow heating constant volume combustion bomb^[47]

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图 13 流动加热式定容燃烧弹试验系统示意图^[47]

Figure 13. Schematic diagram of the flow heating constant volume combustion bomb test system^[47]

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图 14 不同汽油掺混比例下的准稳态喷射OH基分布图^[52]

Figure 14. OH distribution of quasi-steady injection at different gasoline blended ratios^[52]

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图 15 清华大学的气压驱动-活塞直连式快速压缩机^[84]

Figure 15. Tsinghua University's rapid compression machine with directly connected pistons^[84]

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图 16 密歇根大学的气压驱动-飞行活塞式快速压缩机^[85]

Figure 16. University of Michigan's rapid compression machine with a flying sabot^[85]

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图 17 慕尼黑工业大学的气压驱动-活塞嵌套式快速压缩膨胀机^[69]

Figure 17. Technische UniversitĠt München's rapid compression machine with a piston inserted into another one^[69]

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图 18 大分大学的凸轮控制活塞运动规律的快速压缩膨胀机^[87]

Figure 18. Oita University's rapid compression machine with a cam-controlled piston^[87]

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图 19 Pprime研究所的凸轮控制活塞运动规律的快速压缩机^[86]

Figure 19. Pprime's rapid compression machine with a cam-controlled piston^[86]

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图 20 同志社大学的曲柄连杆机构控制活塞运动规律的快速压缩膨胀机^[81]

Figure 20. Doshisha University's rapid compression and expansion machine with a crank strain^[71]

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图 21 卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院的气压驱动-曲柄连杆机构控制活塞运动规律的快速压缩膨胀机^[63]

Figure 21. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology's rapid compression and expansion machine with a crank strain^[63]

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图 22 甲醇的末端混合气自燃^[90]

Figure 22. End-gas auto-ignition of methanol^[90]

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图 23 通过侧面视窗观察快速压缩机燃烧室内燃烧^[86]

Figure 23. The schematic diagram of visualizing combustion from a side window on the Pprime's rapid compression machine^[86]

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图 24 快速压缩机缸内温度场和气体流动^[86]

Figure 24. The temperature distribution and flow in the combustion chamber of Pprime's rapid compression machine^[86]

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图 25 顶置视窗光学发动机^[93]

Figure 25. Schematic diagram of optical engine with top view window^[93]

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图 26 Bowditch式光学发动机结构示意图

Figure 26. Schematic diagram of Bowditch type optical engine

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图 27 光学发动机活塞光路图^[95]

Figure 27. Schematic diagram of optical path in the optical engines^[95]

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图 28 光学发动机石英活塞^[97]

Figure 28. Quartz pistons in the optical engines^[97]

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图 29 光学发动机系统示意图^[97]

Figure 29. Schematic diagram of optical engine^[97]

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图 30 侧置视窗光学发动机^[97-98]

Figure 30. Optical engines with side view window^[97-98]

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图 31 光学发动机垂直对置平衡系统^[99]

Figure 31. Schematic diagram of the vertically opposed perfect balance system in an optical engine^[99]

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图 32 气动快速拆卸光学发动机^[96]

Figure 32. Schematic diagram of optical engine with pneumatic quick take-down device^[96]

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图 33 光学发动机缸内三维流场^[101]

Figure 33. 3D flow field in an optical engine^[101]

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图 34 燃烧室内不同位置(P1、P2、P3)和时刻的混合气浓度分布^[103]

Figure 34. The mixture distribution at different positions (P1, P2, P3) and time in the combustion chamber^[103]

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图 35 缸内直喷汽油机混合气生成特性^[104]

Figure 35. The mixture distribution in a GDI engine^[104]

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图 36 2种燃料在不同喷油定时条件下的CA50时刻火焰形态^[106]

Figure 36. The flames of two fuels at different injection timing^[106]

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图 37 缸内火焰、甲醛和OH基的发展历程^[111]

Figure 37. The flame, formaldehyde and OH development in the cylinder^[111]

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图 38 PPC和RCCI两种燃烧模式缸内火焰发展对比^[112]

Figure 38. The flame development in the cylinder of PPC and RCCI^[112]

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图 39 缸内燃烧过程中甲醛和OH基的发展历程^[113]

Figure 39. The formaldehyde and OH development in the cylinder^[113]

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图 40 缸内碳烟(上)、燃料(中)和流场(下)的发展历程^[114]

Figure 40. The soot, fuels and flow field development in the cylinder^[114]

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图 41 纹影基本原理^[115]

Figure 41. Principle of schlieren^[115]

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图 42 典型纹影光路

Figure 42. Typical schlieren system

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图 43 BOS法光路原理^[119]

Figure 43. Principle of BOS method^[119]

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图 44 双色法典型试验设置示意图^[130]

Figure 44. Schematic diagram of typical experimental setup of Two Color Method^[130]

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图 45 火焰温度及碳烟浓度分布图^[146]

Figure 45. The distributions of temperature and soot concentration^[146]

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图 46 消光法原理示意图^[127]

Figure 46. Schematic diagram of light extinction method^[127]

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图 47 定容燃烧弹单点LEM技术光路布置图^[148]

Figure 47. Light path layout of single point LEM technology in a constant volume combustion bomb^[148]

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图 48 发动机上单点LEM技术光路布置图^[149]

Figure 48. Light path layout of single point LEM technology in an engine^[149]

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图 49 用消光法标定LII测试结果的光学系统示意图^[150]

Figure 49. Schematic diagram of optical system for LII calibration with LEM^[150]

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图 50 燃烧器上平行消光法光路布置图^[152]

Figure 50. Light path layout of two-dimensional line-of-sight attenuation in a burner^[152]

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图 51 燃烧器上非平行消光法光路布置图^[153]

Figure 51. Light path layout of diffuse-light two-dimensional line-of-sight attenuation in a burner^[153]

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图 52 光源后置消光法(BILE)光路布置图^[154]

Figure 52. Light path layout of Back Illumination Light Extinction (BLIE)^[154]

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图 53 BLIE法测量容弹中正十二烷喷雾扩散火焰的碳烟分布^[154]

Figure 53. Measurement of soot distribution of n-dodecane spray diffusion flame in a constant volume combustion bomb by BLIE method^[154]

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图 54 光源前置消光法(FILE)光路布置图^[155]

Figure 54. Light path layout of Forward Illumination Light Extinction (FLIE)^[155]

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图 55 FLIE法测量定容燃烧弹中柴油燃烧过程碳烟浓度^[155]

Figure 55. FILE method for soot concentration measurements in diesel flame in a constant volume combustion bomb^[155]

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图 56 折射率匹配法原理示意图^[162]

Figure 56. Principle of RIM diagnostics^[162]

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图 57 油膜厚度标定过程^[162]

Figure 57. Calibration process of the fuel film^[162]

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图 58 标定拟合曲线^[162]

Figure 58. The predicted curve of calibration^[162]

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图 59 点火时刻(-22℃A)壁面油膜厚度分布^[162]

Figure 59. Distribution of fuel film thickness at ignition time(-22℃A)^[162]

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图 60 二维PIV发动机缸内速度场测量系统示意图^[172]

Figure 60. Schematic diagram setup of a 2D PIV system on an optical engine^[172]

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图 61 发动机缸内速度场测量结果^[172]

Figure 61. Results of in-cylinder velocity fields^[172]

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图 62 立体PIV典型速度场^[180]

Figure 62. Typical velocity field measured by stereo-PIV^[180]

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图 63 典型双平面立体PIV试验设置(1、2、3、4为相机，5为镜头，6为全反射镜，7为偏振分光镜，8为遮挡物)^[183]

Figure 63. Schematic setup of Dual-plane Stereo-PIV (1, 2, 3 and 4 for different cameras, 5 for lenses, 6 for reflective mirror, 7 for polarized beam splitter, and 8 for blocker)

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图 64 层析PIV发动机燃烧室平均速度场测量结果^[185]

Figure 64. Mean velocity fields of engine combustion chamber measured by Tomographic PIV^[185]

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图 65 彩虹PIV试验设置图^[194]

Figure 65. Schematic diagram of the setup of Rainbow PIV^[194]

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图 66 激光诱导荧光的基本原理^[195]

Figure 66. Principle of LIF^[195]

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图 67 LIEF中的气液相荧光重叠^[199]

Figure 67. Spectrum overlap of liquid and gas phase in LIEF^[199]

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图 68 典型缸内PLIF混合气测量装置图^[230]

Figure 68. Schematic diagram of typical in-cylinder PLIF test setup for mixture formation^[230]

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图 69 GDI光学发动机中多组分燃料中不同组分的分布^[233]

Figure 69. Distribution of multi-component fuel fractions in a GDI optical engine^[233]

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图 70 火花点火初期火焰中两个相邻1 mm平行截面上的OH分布^[241]

Figure 70. OH distributions on two parallel planes with a 1 mm interval between them in the initial spark period^[241]

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图 71 喷雾燃烧中的甲醛PLIF试验结果^[244]

Figure 71. CH₂O-LIF results in spray combustion^[244]

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图 72 甲苯LIF测温与PIV联用的缸内测试^[249]

Figure 72. Toluene-LIF combined with PIV in the cylinder^[249]

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图 73 LIF测量撞壁油膜厚度^[266]

Figure 73. LIF results for fuel film thickness measurement^[266]

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图 74 LII试验系统示意图^[274]

Figure 74. Schematic diagram of the LII experimental system^[274]

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图 75 不同曲轴转角火焰图像和碳烟浓度分布对比^[274]

Figure 75. Flames and soot concentration distribution at different crank angles^[274]

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图 76 PDPA测速原理

Figure 76. Principle of velocity measurement of PDPA

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图 77 光线进入球形液滴后的散射^[292]

Figure 77. Scattering of incident laser in the droplet^[292]

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图 78 不同接收角度下各阶散射光的光强分布^[292]

Figure 78. Intensity distribution of scattered light at different receiving angles^[292]

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图 79 PDPA系统实物图

Figure 79. PDPA system

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图 80 PDPA原始测量数据及平均值^[293]

Figure 80. Raw data and mean values of PDPA measurement^[293]

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图 81 不同时刻纵截面上油滴直径和速度分布图^[293]

Figure 81. Droplet size and velocity at different time (longisection)^[293]

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图 82 不同时刻横截面上油滴直径和速度分布图^[293]

Figure 82. Droplet size and velocity at different time (crosssection)^[293]

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表 1 典型容弹特征参数对比

Table 1. Comparison of typical parameters of constant volume combustion bomb characteristics

容弹类型	加热方式	单位	最高设计温度/K	最高设计压力/MPa	内部容积/L	有效视窗直径/mm	喷油器安装位置	最高壁面温度/K	试验循环间隔/min
点燃式	壁面电阻丝加热	北京理工大学^[3-4]	650	4	33.5	76	无	650	10
预燃加热式	内部预混气点燃	美国桑迪亚国家实验室^[26]	1400	35	1.15	102	侧置	525	5
内部加热式	内部加热器加热	北京理工大学^[53-54]	900	10	15	100	顶置	353	5
流动加热式	外部加热器流动加热	西班牙瓦伦西亚大学^[47]	1000	15	6	128	侧置	378	1/15

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表 2 典型的快速压缩机形式

Table 2. The typical models of rapid compression machine

单位	驱动方式	活塞运动规律	燃烧室形状	压缩比调节方式	可视化
单位	驱动方式	活塞运动规律	燃烧室形状	压缩比调节方式	视窗位置	可视区域
清华大学^[84]	气压-活塞直连	压缩-定容	圆形	余隙高度	燃烧室端盖、侧壁	全视场
密歇根大学^[85]	气压-飞行活塞	压缩-定容	圆形	余隙高度	燃烧室端盖	全视场
Pprime研究所^[86]	气压-凸轮	压缩-定容	方形	余隙高度	燃烧室端盖、侧壁	全视场
大分大学^[87]	气压-凸轮	压缩-膨胀	圆形	余隙高度	燃烧室端盖	全视场
卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院^[63]	气压-曲柄连杆机构	压缩-膨胀	圆形	挡块位置	燃烧室端盖	全视场
同志社大学^[71]	曲柄连杆机构	压缩-膨胀	圆形	余隙高度	燃烧室端盖	全视场
慕尼黑工业大学^[69]	气压-活塞嵌套	压缩-膨胀	圆形	活塞行程	活塞	部分视场

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表 3 典型光学发动机特征参数对比

Table 3. Comparison of typical parameters of optical engines

单位	类型	缸径/mm	行程/mm	排量/L	压缩比	转速/(r·min^-1)	视窗布置方式	活塞形状	最高燃烧压力/MPa
北京理工大学^[96]	压燃	92	94.0	0.63	17.0	1200	环形视窗、底置视窗	浅盆型	7
美国桑迪亚国家实验室^{[97, 114]}	压燃	82	90.4	0.48	16.7	1200	侧置视窗、底置视窗	ω型	10
英国布鲁奈尔大学^[104]	点燃	80	89.0	0.45	12.4	1200	侧置视窗、底置视窗	平顶	9
英国莲花公司^[98]	点燃	88	82.1	0.50	10.0	5000	环形视窗、底置视窗	平顶	6

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表 4 经验常数α取值^[127]

Table 4. Values of the parameter α^[127]

可见光波长	不可见光波长	燃料/火焰种类
1.39	0.95(λ>0.8 μm)	稳定明亮火焰
1.38	0.91~0.97(λ=2~4 μm)	柴油机碳烟
1.39	-	柴油机碳烟
-	0.89, 1.04(λ=1~7 μm)	乙酸戊酯
-	0.77	航空煤油
-	0.94, 0.95	苯
-	0.93	蜡烛
-	0.96, 1.14, 1.25	炉膛火焰
-	1.06	石油
-	1.00	丙烷
-	0.91+0.28lnλ	多种燃料
1.43	-	丙酮
1.39	-	乙酸戊酯
1.29	-	煤气/空气
1.23	-	苯
1.14	-	硝化纤维
0.66~0.75	-	乙炔/空气

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表 5 油膜测试方法特点对比

Table 5. Comparison of fuel film test methods

测试方法	原理	优点	缺点	测量范围
全反射法^[158]	点光源从油膜与透明介质的底部照射，光线在油膜上表面发生全反射，在底部形成光圈。通过标定光圈半径与油膜厚度的关系计算油膜厚度。	试验系统简单。	光线边缘不易确定，液体与壁面折射率存在误差，试验不确定性较高，时间分辨率低。	0~1000 μm
干涉法^[159-160]	相干光经过不同厚度油膜时，由于光程差不同产生明暗相间的干涉条纹，根据条纹间距计算油膜厚度。	对油膜无影响，精度高。	单点测量，时间分辨率低。	0~1000 μm
激光诱导荧光法^[161]	在燃油中加入示踪剂，在激光的照射下发出荧光信号。通过标定荧光信号强度与油膜厚度的关系计算油膜厚度。	可进行点测量和二维平面测量，精度较高。	示踪剂和表征燃料蒸发特性有差异，并且很难反映出实际燃料中、重组分的油膜生成特性，时间分辨率较低。	0~60 μm
折射率匹配法^[162]	光照射在石英玻璃粗糙的上表面时，透射光发生漫反射。当油膜沉积在石英玻璃上，部分透射光直接穿过油膜，漫反射光强降低。标定光强减弱程度与油膜厚度关系，计算油膜厚度。	时间分辨率高，结果精度好，并可在光学发动机中进行试验。	金属活塞由石英替代，对传热有影响。	0~5 μm
光漫反射法^[170	光线倾斜照射在粗糙金属表面，发生漫反射。当光线照射区域存在液体时，光在液体表面发生镜面反射，漫反射的光减弱。标定光强减弱程度与油膜厚度的关系，计算油膜厚度。	采用金属表面，与真实燃油附壁过程相似。	试验结果处理复杂，需进行透视变换。	0~10 μm

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表 6 各种PIV测试技术对比

Table 6. Comparison of different PIV techniques

测试方法	原理	优点	缺点	测量范围
传统PIV ^[172]	利用极短时间内连续拍摄的2张粒子在空间中的分布图像，将粒子图像划分为若干查询窗口，然后采用互相关算法(Cross-correlation)，计算各查询窗口内所有颗粒作为整体的位移大小和方向。	应用成熟、结果可靠。	引起误差的因素较多，实验人员经验要求较高，仅能测量平面速度分布。	2D2C^*
立体PIV^[180]	使用与传统PIV试验设置相同的激光光路，将垂直激光平面的单一相机更换为与激光平面成不同夹角的双相机组，通过相机组成像的对应关系，可计算垂直于激光平面方向的速度分量。	在传统PIV基础上，额外测得垂直于平面的速度分量。	只能测量单一平面的速度分布。	2D3C
双平面立体PIV^[181]	在立体PIV基础上，额外添加1组相机，同时产生互相平行、距离接近的2个激光平面。2组相机均采用立体PIV方法分别测量2个平面的速度分布，进而计算得到两平面间的涡量场分布。	可获得垂直和平行于两平面方向上的涡量场分布，具有一定三维空间分辨率。	试验光路设置复杂，相机数量多，三维分辨能力不完全(仅能测量2个相邻平面)。	3D3C
层析PIV^[182]	使用多个相机，在空间中各不同方位对流场进行同步拍照，获得颗粒光学信号的二维投影，再利用层析算法重构颗粒群的三维分布，确定各颗粒的空间位置。再划分三维查询窗口，采用三维互相关算法获得各窗口的速度大小和方向。	具备完全的三维空间分辨能力，可获得全流场空间内各位置速度的空间分布。	需要较强激光光源和较多相机，数据处理速度较慢，计算资源消耗大，层析重构引入额外误差。	3D3C
全息PIV^[193]	将入射光与相机光轴方向重合，入射光经流场颗粒产生干涉现象，进而在相机成像平面上产生干涉条纹。利用不同空间位置的颗粒对应的干涉条纹不同的原理，计算颗粒的空间位置和速度信息。	具备完全的三维空间分辨能力，可获得全流场空间内各位置速度的空间分布。	数据处理速度较慢，计算资源消耗大，对示踪粒子大小和通光性有要求。	3D3C
彩虹PIV^[194]	将白光光源进行色散，并通过平行光滤镜产生由红到紫的多组连续激光平面，构成体激光照射流场三维区域，散射信号通过干涉光学元件后，同时聚焦在彩色相机的成像平面。后期处理时，对不同颜色粒子的信号进行分离，做传统二维PIV处理即可获得垂直入射光方向上不同位置的流场速度信息。	具备完全的三维空间分辨能力，与其他3D PIV技术相比计算速度快。	试验光路设置较为复杂，且示踪粒子不能有自发光，在燃烧反应流中测量受限，仅能获得平面速度分布。	3D2C
*注：D为空间维度，C为速度分量个数

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表 7 典型激光和荧光物质的组合

Table 7. Typical laser and tracer combinations

分类	荧光物质	常用激发激光波长/nm	荧光信号采集波段/nm	示例文献	备注
混合气	丙酮	248 266 308	300~550 300~450 350~550	^[201-203] ^[204] ^[205]
	3-戊酮	248 266 276	>320 350~550 >305 (Schott WG305)	^[206] ^[207] ^[208]
	甲苯	248 266	330~550 265~330	^[209] ^[210]
	对二甲苯	248	270~330	^[202]
	间三甲苯	248	270~350	^[211]
	2, 3-丁二酮	355	>420(Schott GG305)	^[212]
喷雾	三乙基胺 (TEA)+苯	248	气270(荧光峰值波长) 液350(荧光峰值波长)	^[213]
	四甲基对苯二氨 (TMPD) +萘	308	气390(荧光峰值波长) 液480(荧光峰值波长)	^{[31, 214]}
	2, 6-二乙基-4-甲基苯胺 (DMEA) +氟苯(FB)	266	气279~299 液330~350	^[215]
	三乙基胺 (TEA) +氟苯(FB)	266	气285~295 液350(中心波长)	^[216]
	若丹明B	532	>550	^[217-218]
	若丹明6G	532	560(荧光峰值波长)	^[219]
燃烧产物	OH	283	303~313	^[220]
	甲醛	355	380~460	^{[208, 221]}
	NO	223~225	230~250	^[222]
	多环芳烃	266	A1: 280(中心波长) A2: 330(中心波长) A3: 360(中心波长) A4: 400(中心波长)	^[223] ^[224] ^[225] ^[226]
	CO	230.1	484(中心波长)	^[200]	双光子
	CH	434.8	430.2(中心波长)	^[227-228]

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表 8 部分示踪剂特性

Table 8. Characteristics of typical tracers

示踪剂	沸点/℃	吸收波长/nm	发射波长/nm
丙醛	49	220~340	300~550
丙酮	56	220~340	350~550
正丁醛	75	225~345	300~550
2-丁酮	80	220~335	330~360
苯	80	230~270	265~325
2, 3-丁二酮	88	220~480	440~510
3-戊酮	102	220~330	330~600
甲苯	111	225~275	270~330
间三甲苯	168	220~285	270~350

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表 9 LII测试系统参数总结

Table 9. Comparison of typical parameters of LII measurement system

单位	激光波长/nm	激光能量	片光高度×厚度/(mm×mm)	探测波长/nm	曝光时间/ns
北京理工大学	532	220 mJ/cm²	50×0.80	410~440、575~605	20
清华大学	532	280 mJ/pulse	50×1.00	385~435	20
天津大学	532	280 mJ/pulse	40×0.80	445~455、645~655	50
德国亚琛工业大学^[274]	532	1000 mJ/cm²	40×0.30	380~450	-
法国奥尔良大学^[277]	1064	130 mJ/cm²	38×0.63	400~450	20
西班牙瓦伦西亚大学^[278]	1064	2870 mJ/cm²	45×0.35	≤400	50
意大利国立研究院^[279]	1064	416 mJ/cm²	10×0.50	495~505、642.5~651.5	3
美国桑迪亚国家实验室^[280]	1064	250 mJ/pulse	12×0.50	385~450	275

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表 10 发动机常用光学诊断时空分辨能力和适用范围

Table 10. Comparison of spatial-temporal resolution and application scope of commonly used optical diagnostic techniques on engines

发动机常用光学诊断技术	典型应用	空间分辨能力	时间分辨能力
纹影法	燃油喷射宏观特性、火焰传播过程	二维视场累积	较高(取决于相机采样频率)
双色法	燃烧温度场、碳烟浓度场	二维视场累积	较高(取决于相机采样频率)
消光法	碳烟浓度	一维累积二维平面/二维视场累积	较低(取决于照明光源频率或探测器采样频率) 较高(取决于相机采样频率)
折射率匹配法	附壁油膜厚度分布	二维平面	较高(取决于相机采样频率)
粒子图像测速法	缸内气流运动和燃油喷射速度场	二维平面/三维	较高(取决于激光/相机采样频率)
平面激光诱导荧光法	喷射、混合和燃烧中间产物	二维平面	较高(取决于激光/相机采样频率)
平面激光诱导炽光法	碳烟浓度和粒径	二维平面	较高(取决于激光/相机采样频率)
相位多普勒粒子测试	燃油颗粒速度和粒径	单点	高(取决于激光/信号接收器采样频率)

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